The God particle or Higgs Boson theory- Explained.

The God particle or Higgs boson theory

Introduction 

Over the past few decades, particle physicists have developed a chic theoretical model (the Standard Model) that provides a framework for our current understanding of the elemental particles and forces of nature. One major ingredient during this model may be a hypothetical, ubiquitous quantum field that's presupposed to be answerable for giving particles their masses (this field would answer the essential question of why particles have the masses they do--or indeed, why they need any mass at all). This field is called the Higgs field. As a consequence of wave-particle duality, all quantum fields have a fundamental particle associated with them. The particle related to the Higgs field is named the Higgs boson.

Understanding mass

The history of the Higgs boson beings because of mass that's why it is necessary to understand mass first. If you say in technical terms, then it is the measurement of the inertia of a body. Now if I say in simple language, anybody whether in rest or in motion when trying to change its state then we feel resistance . This resistance is called mass. For example, when you try to move a static object by pushing it, then you experience its mass. We know that a Vastu who has no mass of his own is always in the vacuum at the speed of light, such as photons. In easy language, we can say that any object that does not travel at the speed of light has its own mass.

Relation with mass

We know that every particle in the universe has its own mass.  Now a question arises, where does this come from?? Then you definitely answer that from its elementary Particles. This means that from that particle with which it is created. But as we consider QUANTUM MECHANICS quarks and leptons are the real building blocks of matter. This means that there is nothing smaller than them. Since these particles are self-created, must be massless totally but this is not the real fact. Because we know that there's some mass of electrons and quarks also. Now such a situation, it raises the question that where does the mass in these particles comes from? It also raises the question that when electrons and quarks have mass then why not in photons?

Now history begins

In the late 1960s, Physicists develops a mathematical equation on the basis of the behavior of elementary particles. With the help of that equation, they better understood it. But this equation made them even more upset. Actually, when they assume that all elementary parts like electrons and quarks are completely massless, then that equation was easily solved. And the predictions made based on that recent equation were also completely correct which is many times verified by experimentally. But the physicists knew that electrons and quarks can never be massless. In such a situation, when they tried to solve the same equation by assuming the mass of electrons and quarks, that equation would become very complex and inconsistent. . In such a way, Peter Higgs came out, he gave his new theory in which he predicted the presence of Higgs field and Higgs boson. Let's understand what this theory is.

 Explanations of Higgs theory

According to Field theory, In this whole universe, there is the presence of Fields instead of particles, which we cannot see (ex-electron field, quarks field, gravitational field, electric field, etc). By giving threshold energy to this field particles are created and by extracting some energy from this field particles get destroyed. Such electrons and quarks are created by giving energy to the electron field and quarks field respectively etc. These fields also interact with each other. Peter Higgs used to say that another such field is the "Higgs field" which is present everywhere in the universe like other fields. By giving energy to this field Higgs bosons are created. But he believed that basically, all elementary parts are massless like photons, but it is the Higgs field that provides them mass. Now the next question that arises in your mind is, how would this happen?

Understanding the Higgs mechanism

All the elementary particles (electrons, quarks, photons, protons, etc) are massless before entering the Higgs field. But once they enter into the Higgs field they interact with Higgs field. Some of them interact more with the Higgs field and some interact less, this phenomenon results in their mass value. This means that the more interaction with the Higgs field more will be the mass. Like photons do not interact with the Higgs field that's why they are massless whereas the elementary Particles like (electrons, quarks, and protons) which interact with the Higgs field, they have some mass.

In 1964, Piter Higgs published his theory in a famous physics journal in which he used mathematical equations to prove his published theory but unfortunately, this theory was rejected not because there was a flaw in his mathematical equation. But because it was not digested at that time invisible fields can also give mass to a particle. Higgs did not give up and he took this theory to many more physicists. Physicists who understood Higgs' theory deeply found this theory convincing enough. Due to this, this theory later got a lot of support from physicists. By this time physicists were expecting only on the basis of mathematical equations that the Higgs field should exist in this world but it cannot be assumed only on the basis of a mathematical equation. 

Now the experimental work begins

For this experiment scientists built the world's largest machine named LHC(Large Hedron collider). The problem was that the Higgs field is invisible, that is, it is impossible to see how to find its presence in such a way. The maths told us that if our thinking is correct and the Higgs field is present everywhere then in a small space If the charged particles collide at high speed, this collision will cause a stir in the Higgs field for a while. Just as two boats in the water cause a stir in the water. This stir in the Higgs field makes the Higgs bosons particle Will give rise to which we can also see and detect. With this,  two charged particles in  LHC  would be collided with 99.999% speed of light and look for the decay pattern which should be the decay pattern of the Higgs boson based on mathematical equation physicists have been searching for it for a long time. They were not getting anything. The day was 4 July 2012, when CERN announced that they'd detected the Higgs boson. The discovery completely proved Peter Higgs's theory for which he was awarded the noble prize in 2013 Honored. 

I hope that by now you have understood what the Higgs field is and how it behaves.

Many people misunderstand that Higgs bosons are responsible for the mass of elementary parts. But the truth is that it is the work of Higgs field and not of Higgs bosons. Higgs bosons are the only particle which are made from the Higgs field. 

Why the name God particle and why Higgs field are important for us? 

Most of us think that the Higgs boson is related to God in some way but you would be surprised to know that this is not the truth as I already mentioned. The Higgs bosons do not give the Higgs field a mass, we know that massless particles always travel at the speed of light, that is, all elementary particles are traveling at the speed of light, because of this reason neither electrons are traveling around the nucleus and traveling at this speed of light. Neither the neutron nor the proton in the nucleus was stable. Because of this, neither the formation of an atom takes place nor the molecules and matters. This means that there'll be no existence. The presence of this field, now confirmed by experimental investigation,, explains why some particles have mass when, based on the symmetries controlling their interaction, they should be massless. It also resolves several alongside puzzles, such as the reason for the extremely short-range weak force. 
In the early 1900's physicists, Leon Lederman wrote a book on this topic. He first wanted to name this book goddam Particle, but his publisher had an objection to this name. So he changed the name of this book to god particle. He had no logic behind it, it was just a name for him, but the media gave so much attention to this name that instead of the Higgs boson the name God particle was popular among the peoples. 

The discovery of the Higgs field is considered very important, there are many reasons behind it. If we talk about the first reason, then all these existing fields are quite different. We know that there are many invisible fields in space such as electric field, gravitational field, magnetic field, etc. These fields are not all the same everywhere. The Higgs field is the only field which is the same everywhere in the universe. If we can know more about it, the better it will be to understand the dark matter and the dark energy.

2nd reason is, we found a purely new form of matter in the form of the Higgs boson. Such forms were earlier confined to the mathematical equation. We know that apart from mass and charge in the particle, spin is the only thing that does not change. Its speed neither increases nor decreases over time like the spin of electrons and quarks. The value is the same even though the spin of photons is twice as long as both whereas the Higgs boson is the only particle with no spin.

3rd reason is with the help of its mathematical equation we not only understand the mysteries but we can predict correctly about that thing which is not experimentally verified yet as like the history of the Higgs boson.

According to the standard model, The Higgs boson almost decays in another particle as soon as it is formed, so we do not know their true size correctly, so it would be wrong to call them true electron-like electrons. But the mass of the Higgs boson is more than most bosons. Their Compton wavelength should be around 10 ^ -15cm depending on the mass. In their compression, the Compton wavelength of the proton is about 10 ^ -13cm.

This was the story of God particle or Higgs boson.
I hope that by now you have understood what the Higgs field is and how it behaves.